Postby webfoot » Tue Apr 08, 2003 3:08 pm
Adaptive Harvest Management Task Force
March 20, 2003
The AHM Task Force met via conference call on February 24, March 6, and March 12, 2003. A summary of the calls follows.
Communications Protocol
The Task Force reviewed and approved the protocol for communicating their work:
Meeting summaries and other on-going work related “documents†will be approved by the Task Force before distribution. Once approved, Task Force members will distribute them to the various groups they represent. The IAFWA will distribute the documents through their established channels.
Conclusions/recommendations from the Task Force will be approved by the Task Force and then submitted to the IAFWA Executive Committee for
approval/distribution. “Process†questions and inquiries from outdoor media will be handled as needed by the facilitator. Communications related to recommendations will be handled through IAFWA channels.
Changes to AHM in 2002
In 2002 a number of changes were made to the midcontinent-mallard AHM protocol, which is used to prescribe hunting regulations for the three western Flyways. The most significant changes were revision of the population models to correct for an apparent bias in estimates of survival and reproductive rates, and extension of framework dates in the moderate and liberal regulatory alternatives. According to the AHM Working Group, these revisions are expected to result in fewer liberal seasons, more closed-season prescriptions, and an increase in annual variability in hunting regulations. Based on the best biological information available, however, there appears to be considerable opportunity within the AHM process to alleviate some of these adverse consequences, while still insuring long-term protection of the waterfowl resource.
Potential changes to the AHM protocol include constraints on the use of the current regulatory alternatives or revision of harvest management objectives. As long as the overarching goal of AHM remains sustainable harvesting, decisions concerning these changes can be based primarily on how regulations best serve the interests of the hunting public.
One-Step Constraint
Given the charge to review policy issues in AHM, the Task Force investigated a number of possible, strategic changes to the current AHM protocol that might help minimize closed-season prescriptions and annual variability in regulations. Based on this review, the Task Force urges the Flyway Councils to give serious consideration to a constraint on regulatory changes greater than one step each year.
According to the AHM Working Group, this one-step constraint is expected to greatly reduce the frequency of closed-season prescriptions, as well as virtually eliminate annual regulatory changes greater than one step. This constraint also is expected to produce amore even distribution of the frequencies with which the various regulatory alternatives are applied. Notably, this constraint is not expected to significantly affect average
mallard population size or harvest, nor average population size of the nine other principal duck species breeding in the midcontinent region (gadwall, wigeon, green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, shoveler, pintail, redhead, canvasback, and scaup).
Potential Constraints and Policy Changes
The Task Force is continuing to evaluate other potential regulatory constraints, as well as other policy changes with potentially more profound implications:
(1) In AHM, the central objective is to regulate hunting in a way that provides for the long-term viability of duck populations and associated hunting opportunities. In one case (midcontinent mallards), however, an ancillary objective is to maintain population size at or above the goal of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP). Because the primary purpose of the NAWMP population goal is to guide habitat-management efforts, questions have been raised regarding whether those goals should be considered in setting hunting regulations and, if so, the extent to which they should be emphasized (particularly during periods when environmental conditions are below average).
(2) Because AHM helps ensure long-term resource conservation through an optimal use of specified regulatory alternatives (whatever they may be), proposals to modify the set of regulatory alternatives primarily involve social trade-offs. In this light, how many regulatory alternatives should there be? Among the alternatives, what are desirable or acceptable ranges of season lengths, bag limits, and framework dates? How often should the set of regulatory alternatives be reviewed and what are appropriate criteria for modifying them?
Additional AHM Information:
In regulating waterfowl harvests, managers face four fundamental sources of uncertainty:
(1.) Environmental variation - the temporal and spatial variation in weather conditions and other key features of waterfowl habitat; an example is the annual change in the number of ponds in the Prairie Pothole Region, where water conditions influence duck reproductive success;
(2.)Partial controllability - the ability of managers to control harvest only within limits; the harvest resulting from a particular set of hunting regulations cannot be predicted with certainty because of variation in weather conditions, timing of migration, hunter effort, and other factors;
(3.)Partial observability - the ability to estimate key population attributes (e.g., population size, reproductive rate, harvest) only within the precision afforded by existing monitoring programs; and structural uncertainty - an incomplete understanding of biological processes; a familiar example is the long-standing debate about whether harvest is additive to other sources of mortality or whether populations compensate for hunting losses through reduced natural mortality.
4.)Structural uncertainty increases contentiousness in the decision-making process and decreases the extent to which managers can meet long-term conservation goals.
Adaptive Harvest Management (AHM) was developed as a systematic process for dealing objectively with these uncertainties. The key components of AHM include:
(1) a limited number of regulatory alternatives, which describe Flyway-specific season lengths, bag limits, and framework dates;
(2) a set of population models describing various hypotheses about the effects of harvest and environmental factors on waterfowl abundance;
(3) a measure of reliability (probability or "weight") for each population model; and
(4) a mathematical description of the objective(s) of harvest management (i.e., an "objective function"), by which alternative regulatory strategies can be evaluated.
These components are used in a stochastic optimization procedure to derive a regulatory strategy, which specifies the appropriate regulatory alternative for each possible combination of breeding population size, environmental conditions, and model weights. The setting of annual hunting regulations then involves an iterative process:
(1) each year, an optimal regulatory alternative is identified based on resource and environmental conditions, and on current model weights;
(2) after the regulatory decision is made, model-specific predictions for subsequent breeding population size are determined;
(3) when monitoring data become available, model weights are increased to the extent that observations of population size agree with predictions, and decreased to the extent that they disagree; and
(4) the new model weights are used to start another iteration of the process.
By iteratively updating model weights and optimizing regulatory choices, the process should eventually identify which model is most appropriate to describe the dynamics of the managed population. The process is optimal in the sense that it provides the regulatory choice each year necessary to maximize management performance. It is adaptive in the sense that the harvest strategy "evolves" to account for new knowledge generated by a comparison of predicted and observed population sizes.
"We face the question whether a still higher standard of living is worth its costs in things natural, wild, and free." - Aldo Leopold