Taken from the report I read:
The starting date of the 2008 survey, May 12, was about 1 day earlier than the long-term average
starting date (Appendix A), and was 5 days later than last year. The timing of our survey
appeared to be appropriate based on vegetation phenology. Crews noted wetland vegetation
green-up was minimal with relatively few areas having new vegetation up to 12 inches high.
These growing vegetation conditions were not extensive and did not cause major problems with
the survey across the state.
Lone drake ratios for mallards, pintails, canvasbacks and blue-winged teal were all low and well
below average. This is likely an indication that nesting effort was lower due to extreme declines
in numbers of water areas, and a nearly complete absence of temporary wetlands. This reduction
in nesting effort may also be delaying nesting chronology overall, as pairs “wait it out” for better
wetland conditions. Observations on our Test Run Survey indicated that nesting activity likely
began during the last week of April. The breeding effort appears to be quite low given the
abundance of pairs of mallards and pintails and the few lone drakes of either species. This is
likely the result of extremely dry conditions on the Test Run route. Most mallard, pintail, and
blue-winged teal pairs that had been in the area for several weeks had moved on by 21 May. A
few newly hatched pintail broods and one mallard brood had been observed 28 May. The
correction factor for absent females (for all duck species combined) was 1.16, well below the
long-term average of 1.24 and was the third lowest on record.
2008 May Breeding Duck Survey Page 3
Results of the survey in brief:
The 2008 water index was down 70 percent from 2007 and down 57 percent from the 1948-
2007 average (Table 1). Water indices were down from 2007 on all transects, ranging from
down 40 percent on transect 5 to down 81 percent on transect 3. The wetland index is the 10th
lowest in survey history and it is the lowest index since 1992. However, these significant
decreases in the wetlands indices do not tell the whole story. Wetland conditions are generally
much worse than indicated by the numbers. This is because the survey counts water areas, not
the amount of water contained in wetlands. Thus, wetlands with even a trace of water contribute
as much to the index as those that are full. Many seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands
contained only minimal water and are expected to dry up completely within a few weeks without
significant rainfall.
Numbers of breeding ducks in North Dakota were unchanged from last year and continue their
decline from the record high in 2002. However, numbers remain relatively high compared to the
60-year average. The 2008 duck index was unchanged (up 6.5 percent) from 2007, but
exceeded the 1948-2007 average index by 60 percent (Table 3). The 2008 index is the
thirteenth highest on record. Compared to 2007, total ducks observed on individual transects
ranged from down 47 percent (transect

to up 49 percent (transect 5; Table 5). Figure 2
demonstrates the remarkable high numbers of ducks settling in North Dakota since 1995,
compared to breeding population indices going back to 1948.
Changes from 2007 in the indices for individual species were highly variable (Table 4). Mallards
were down 29 percent from 2007, while blue-winged teal were unchanged (down 4 percent).
Pintail were down 36 percent, while wigeon and green-winged teal were down 27 and 14 percent,
respectively. Gadwall (+47 percent) and northern shovelers (+20 percent) showed significant
increases. All diving ducks showed increases from last year (canvasback +37 percent, redhead
+88 percent, scaup + 46 percent and ruddy ducks + 12 percent).
Species that were above the long-term (1948-2007) average include scaup (+238 percent),
gadwall (+187 percent), redhead (+153 percent), northern shovelers (+67 percent), ruddy ducks
(+73 percent) and mallard (+59 percent). Blue-winged teal, wigeon and canvasback were
unchanged from the long-term average. Northern pintail (-43 percent) and green-winged teal (-
14 percent) were below the long-term average.
An Important Note:
Like the wetland indices, the breeding duck indices, by themselves, do not tell the whole story.
As noted above (see Phenology), the lone drake indices were well below average and the
correction for females (hens presumably on nests) was the third lowest on record. Both of these
are consistent with our observations that there were a lot of ducks “sitting around” apparently not
in an active breeding mode. The large number of ducks tallied during our survey is
“abnormal” considering the extremely poor water conditions across the state. Part of this is
due to the fact that we have been carrying a duck population that is well above average since the
mid-1990’s. This year, may of these birds continued to ‘home’ to North Dakota, despite the
greatly reduced water conditions. With the extremely dry conditions, we expect many ducks
were either waiting for improved water conditions before committing to a nesting effort, or they
were still in the process of settling. Gadwall and scaup typically do not breed until June and we
normally count a substantial number of these birds during our mid-May survey that we know
have not fully settled. This year, however, there seemed to be an exceptional abundance of these
2008 May Breeding Duck Survey Page 4
unsettled birds. Gadwall, were the most abundant duck tallied and scaup were the fourth most
abundant duck tallied during our survey. This year was only the sixth time since 1948 that
gadwall have out-numbered mallards on our survey and it is the third highest percentage of scaup
we have ever observed. Observations on our Test Run Survey confirmed this situation, as we
detected a major movement of birds out of the survey area the week after our statewide survey
was completed. Thus, we believe that our 2008 breeding duck index is abnormally inflated
compared to previous years.
Overview:
The unprecedented modern day wet cycle that began in the summer of 1993, seems to have come
to an end. Pond conditions are very poor throughout the state. We again caution that the index is
based on basins with water, and does not necessarily represent total water availability. Our
survey crews indicated that many “wet basins” held very little water at the time of the survey and
that a high percent of the ponds that had small amounts of water would soon be totally dry
without the addition of significant precipitation.
This year ducks appeared to be ‘bunched-up” on the remaining water area. Many birds appeared
to be not breeding and a large portion of the gadwall and scaup observed had not settled at the
time of our survey. Again, we observed that many of the larger wetlands are holding fewer birds
in both spring and fall, presumably due to reduced fertility and productivity of wetlands from
years of continuous high water levels. Many of these areas need to dry to recycle nutrients and to
regain invertebrate and aquatic vegetation productivity. Reports indicate that much of South
Dakota is experiencing significantly improved water conditions due, primarily, to late
winter/early spring precipitation. Also, reports from Canada indicate that while the southern
portion of the prairie pothole region is dry like North Dakota, while the parklands continue to
experience good to excellent water conditions this year.
Nesting cover in North Dakota is on the decline. During our survey, we noted many large tracts
of grassland/ CRP that had been converted to cropland since last year or where in the process of
being plowed. Expiring CRP contracts and high commodity prices driven by biofuel demands
and other economic factors are pushing these conversions. North Dakota lost 400,000 acres of
CRP in 2007 and projections for the next three years indicate that up to another 600,000 acres
could be converted to cropland. This loss of one third of our critical nesting cover will be
disastrous for breeding ducks and hunting opportunities in North Dakota. On the bright side, the
significant wetland drying that we are experiencing is long overdue. When these wetlands refill
they will once again become highly productive sources of food and cover for breeding waterfowl.
Growing conditions this spring have been mixed across the state this spring. Some areas have
had significant rainfall, while others remain very dry. Numbers of red fox may be stable at their
recent lows due to mange and coyote population expansion (Appendix H). Only one red fox den
was reported on the survey routes. How this will all translate into duck production this year is
yet to be seen.
As usual, we are still waiting to see what brood water conditions will be throughout the state. At
this time, conditions do not look good. Water levels in most semi-permanent and many
permanent wetlands are much lower than in recent years and dropping. Numbers of mink, a
significant brood predator, are unknown, but probably on the decline. Muskrat numbers remain
low and this will certainly affect mink abundance. We noted very few muskrats, a principal food
of mink, during our surveys. This scarcity of muskrats is probably related to the absence of
2008 May Breeding Duck Survey Page 5
cattail and bulrush habitats in many wetlands that has resulted from the preceding 15 years of
high water conditions.
The July brood survey will give us a better idea of duck production, and a better insight into what
to expect this fall. Our observations to date indicate that production will be reduced in much of
the state due to dry conditions and reduced wetland availability for brood production. Despite
the relatively large populations of ducks tallied on our survey, it is expected that breeding efforts
will be reduced and that production will be significantly reduced from recent years. As always,
fall weather will have a big impact on the success of our hunting season. We will have to wait
and see what October brings.
Have a great summer and fall and tha